Excisional biopsy is a surgical procedure used to remove and examine an entire lesion or abnormal tissue to diagnose or treat various conditions. This type of biopsy involves the complete excision of a suspicious growth, lump, or area of abnormal tissue, allowing for thorough evaluation by a pathologist. Excisional biopsies are commonly performed to investigate skin cancers, such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, as well as other conditions like atypical moles, benign tumors, or chronic inflammatory lesions. The primary causes for performing an excisional biopsy include the presence of a suspicious lesion or abnormality that cannot be definitively diagnosed through non-invasive methods. Indications for excisional biopsy include rapidly growing or changing lesions, persistent sores or ulcers that do not heal, and areas with unusual color, shape, or texture. The procedure is often chosen when the lesion is small and accessible, allowing for complete removal with the potential for both diagnostic and therapeutic benefits. Symptoms that may lead to an excisional biopsy include the appearance of a new or changing mole, a persistent lump or bump, bleeding, or other signs of abnormal tissue growth. If a lesion shows characteristics suggestive of cancer or is causing symptoms, an excisional biopsy helps in obtaining a definitive diagnosis and determining the appropriate course of treatment. During the procedure, the patient is usually given a local anesthetic to numb the area. The surgeon then makes an incision around the lesion to remove it along with a margin of healthy tissue. The removed tissue is sent to a laboratory for microscopic examination to determine the presence of cancerous or abnormal cells. The wound is then closed with sutures, and a dressing is applied. Complications of excisional biopsy are relatively rare but can include infection, bleeding, and scarring. There is also a risk of incomplete removal of the lesion if the margins are not adequately clear of abnormal tissue, which may require further treatment or follow-up procedures. Patients may experience temporary discomfort, swelling, and bruising around the biopsy site. Proper wound care and follow-up appointments are essential to monitor healing and assess the results of the biopsy. After the procedure, patients are typically advised to keep the area clean and dry, avoid activities that could stress the wound, and attend follow-up visits to review the biopsy results and discuss any additional treatment if necessary. Excisional biopsy is a valuable diagnostic tool that provides critical information for managing and treating various medical conditions, including potential cancers.
